The Risk Atlas of Mexico City,Mexico: a tool for decision-making and disaster prevention     

Novelo-Casanova  David A.  Suárez  Gerardo  Cabral-Cano  Enrique  Fernández-Torres  Enrique A.  Fuentes-Mariles  Oscar A.  Havazli  Emre  Jaimes  Miguel Á.  López-Espinoza  Erika D.  Martin-Del Pozzo  Ana Lillian  Morales-Barrera  Wendy V.  Morales-Rodríguez  Hipólito L.  Nieto-Torres  Amiel  Rodríguez-Elizarrarás  Sergio R.  Solano-Rojas  Darío  Velasco-Herrera  Victor M. 《Natural Hazards》2022,111(1):411-437

Natural Hazards - We present a Risk Atlas of Mexico City based on a Geographical Information System (RA-GIS). We identified the prevalent social risk to the more relevant hazards in Mexico City...  相似文献   

Resolution effects on regional climate model simulations of seasonal precipitation over Europe   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

Sara A. Rauscher  Erika Coppola  Claudio Piani  Filippo Giorgi 《Climate Dynamics》2010,35(4):685-711

We analyze a set of nine regional climate model simulations for the period 1961–2000 performed at 25 and 50 km horizontal grid spacing over a European domain in order to determine the effects of horizontal resolution on the simulation of precipitation. All of the models represent the seasonal mean spatial patterns and amount of precipitation fairly well. Most models exhibit a tendency to over-predict precipitation, resulting in a domain-average total bias for the ensemble mean of about 20% in winter (DJF) and less than 10% in summer (JJA) at both resolutions, although this bias could be artificially enhanced by the lack of a gauge correction in the observations. A majority of the models show increased precipitation at 25 km relative to 50 km over the oceans and inland seas in DJF, JJA, and ANN (annual average), although the response is strongest during JJA. The ratio of convective precipitation to total precipitation decreases over land for most models at 25 km. In addition, there is an increase in interannual variability in many of the models at 25 km grid spacing. Comparison with gridded observations indicates that a majority of models show improved skill in simulating both the spatial pattern and temporal evolution of precipitation at 25 km compared to 50 km during the summer months, but not in winter or on an annual mean basis. Model skill at higher resolution in simulating the spatial and temporal character of seasonal precipitation is found especially for Great Britain. This geographic dependence of the increased skill suggests that observed data of sufficient density are necessary to capture fine-scale climate signals. As climate models increase their horizontal resolution, it is thus a key priority to produce high quality fine scale observations for model evaluation.  相似文献   

Does the model regional bias affect the projected regional climate change? An analysis of global model projections   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Filippo Giorgi  Erika Coppola 《Climatic change》2010,100(3-4):787-795

An analysis is presented of the dependence of the regional temperature and precipitation change signal on systematic regional biases in global climate change projections. The CMIP3 multi-model ensemble is analyzed over 26 land regions and for the A1B greenhouse gas emission scenario. For temperature, the model regional bias has a negligible effect on the projected regional change. For precipitation, a significant correlation between change and bias is found in about 30% of the seasonal/regional cases analyzed, covering a wide range of different climate regimes. For these cases, a performance-based selection of models in producing climate change scenarios can affect the resulting change estimate, and it is noted that a minimum of four to five models is needed to obtain robust precipitation change estimates. In a number of cases, models with largely different precipitation biases can still produce changes of consistent sign. Overall, it is assessed that in the present generation of models the regional bias does not appear to be a dominant factor in determining the simulated regional change in the majority of cases.  相似文献   

Process identification through rejection of model structures in a mid‐mountainous rural catchment: observations of rainfall–runoff response,geophysical conditions and model inter‐comparison     

Thomas Graeff  Erwin Zehe  Dominik Reusser  Erika Lück  Boris Schröder  Gerald Wenk  Hermann John  Axel Bronstert 《水文研究》2009,23(5):702-718

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Late Miocene – Recent exhumation of the central Himalaya and recycling in the foreland basin assessed by apatite fission-track thermochronology of Siwalik sediments, Nepal     

Peter van der Beek  Xavier Robert  Jean-Louis Mugnier  Matthias Bernet  Pascale Huyghe  Erika Labrin 《Basin Research》2006,18(4):413-434

Thermochronological analysis of detrital sediments derived from the erosion of mountain belts and contained in the sedimentary basins surrounding them allows reconstructing the long-term exhumation history of the sediment source areas. The effective closure temperature of the thermochronological system analysed determines the spatial and temporal resolution of the analysis through the duration of the lag time between closure of the system during exhumation and its deposition in the sedimentary basin. Here, we report apatite fission-track (AFT) data from 31 detrital samples collected from Miocene to Pliocene stratigraphic sections of the Siwalik Group in western and central Nepal, as well as three samples from modern river sediments from the same area, that complement detrital zircon fission-track (ZFT) and U–Pb data from the same samples presented in a companion paper. Samples from the upper part of the stratigraphic sections are unreset and retain a signal of source-area exhumation; they show spatial variations in source-area exhumation rates that are not picked up by the higher-temperature systems. More deeply buried samples have been partially reset within the Siwalik basin and provide constraints on the thermal and kinematic history of the fold-and-thrust belt itself. The results suggest that peak source-area exhumation rates have been constant at ∼1.8 km Myr⁻¹ over the last ∼7 Ma in central Nepal, whereas they ranged between 1 and ∼1.5 km Myr⁻¹ in western Nepal over the same time interval; these spatial variations may be explained by either a tectonic or climatic control on exhumation rates, or possibly a combination of the two. Increasing lag times within the uppermost part of the sections suggest an increasing component of apatites that have been recycled within the Siwalik belt and are corroborated by AFT ages of modern river sediment downstream as well as the record of the distal Bengal Fan. The most deeply buried and most strongly annealed samples record onset of exhumation of the frontal Siwaliks along the Himalayan frontal thrust at ∼2 Ma and continuous shortening at rates comparable with the present-day shortening rates from at least 0.3 Ma onward.  相似文献   

Sulfur isotopic studies of continental flood basalts in the Noril’sk region: implications for the association between lavas and ore-bearing intrusions     

Edward M. Ripley  Peter C. Lightfoot  Erika R. Elswick 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2003,67(15):2805-2817

Previous studies of both ore and non-ore-bearing intrusives in the Permo-Triassic flood basalts of the Siberian platform in the Noril’sk area have shown that high-grade Ni-Cu-platinum group elements (PGE) mineralization is associated with anomalously high δ³⁴S values of ∼8 to 12‰. In addition, several researchers have proposed that observed depletions in the Cu, Ni, and PGE content of basaltic lavas of the Nadezhdinsky (Nd) Formation are related to diffusional exchange with, and upgrading in metal tenor of, sulfides in the volcanic conduit system. Sulfur isotopic studies of the lavas at Noril’sk were initiated to determine if interaction with crustally derived sulfur in the conduit system was evident, and if the Nd lavas in particular were characterized by an anomalous isotopic signature. δ³⁴S values of the lavas range from −4.5 to 8.7‰ Vienna Cañon Diablo Troilite (VCDT), with S concentrations from <40 to 1373 ppm. The majority of δ³⁴S values range from 0 to 4‰, and are similar to those from S-poor intrusions in the Noril’sk area. Although textural data are not supportive of early sulfide saturation and the presence of immiscible sulfide droplets in the lavas, recrystallization may have erased expected mineralogical and textural evidence. Mineralogical data indicate that hydrothermal alteration of the lavas has occurred, but S redistribution has been restricted to localized areas and δ³⁴S values have not been affected. The relatively low S concentrations of the lavas are thought to be due in large part to degassing of the lavas in the shallow conduit system and during eruption. Our calculations are consistent with the premise that degassing of basaltic magmas at temperatures in excess of ∼900°C at QFM leads to only minor ³⁴S-depletion of sulfur remaining in the melt, and decreases in δ³⁴S values of less than 2‰ at 90% degassing. For this reason all lavas with δ³⁴S values in excess of ∼ 2‰ require a contribution of ³⁴S-enriched country rock sulfur. Because of the high S content and δ³⁴S value (∼ 16-20‰) of evaporites in the country rocks at Noril’sk, contamination of less than 0.5% is required to explain the most ³⁴S-enriched lavas. The Nd lavas have an average δ³⁴S of 2.9‰, but show no difference in S isotopic composition relative to the other lavas, suggesting that metal depletion involved only limited S transfer, or that exchange between mantle-derived S and S of crustal origin buffered δ³⁴S values to less than ∼5‰. Anomalously positive δ³⁴S values, similar to those of the ore-bearing intrusives in the Noril’sk region, are not consistently found in low-S rocks, either lavas or intrusives. Although the mechanism for the derivation of sulfide in the ore-bearing intrusions remain speculative, it is clear that the formation of sulfide ores characterized by high metal tenors proceeded only in the presence of sulfur of crustal origin.  相似文献   

Seasonal variations of exposure biomarkers, oxidative stress responses and cell damage in the clams, Tapes philippinarum, and mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, from Adriatic sea     

Bocchetti R  Lamberti CV  Pisanelli B  Razzetti EM  Maggi C  Catalano B  Sesta G  Martuccio G  Gabellini M  Regoli F 《Marine environmental research》2008,66(1):24-26

This work investigated the natural variability of several biomarkers in Tapes philippinarum and Mytilus galloprovincialis, sampled from Northern Adriatic where these organisms are important sentinel species for future environmental impact assessment. Levels of metallothioneins, peroxisomal enzymes and acetylcholinesterase, showed a significant seasonality and marked differences between clams and mussels. Among antioxidant enzymes, catalase and GST decreased during the warmer period, the latter enzyme activity resulting particularly high in clams. The total oxyradical scavenging capacity toward peroxyl radicals decreased in mussels from winter to summer, indicating a prooxidant challenge due to higher seawater temperature and intensity of light irradiance. Lysosomal membrane stability did not exhibit significant seasonal variations, while some variations were observed for DNA damages. Overall results indicated a significant influence of seasonal variability on several biomarkers and species-specific differences which should be considered to discriminate the appearance of anthropogenic disturbance.  相似文献   

Ammonium Photoproduction from Aquatic Humic and Colloidal Matter     

Weiwei Wang  Matthew A. Tarr  Thomas S. Bianchi  Erika Engelhaupt 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2000,6(3):275-292

It has recently been shown thatnitrogen contained in humic substances can be releasedas low molecular weight species through photochemicalprocesses or reactions. Nitrogen released in thismanner may then become available for biological useand chemical reactivity. This report providesadditional kinetic data for nitrogen photochemistry oforganic matter in natural waters from Louisiana andfor Suwannee River humic and fulvic acids. Naturalwater samples were fractionated into colloidal(>0.2 m, <1000 Dalton) and dissolved (>1000Dalton) fractions and the kinetics of these fractionsas well as 0.2 m filtered water samples weremeasured. For irradiations of less than 10 hours ofsimulated noon-time sun, samples showed linearproduction of ammonium and first-order fading at350 nm. Ammonium photoproduction was enhanced asmuch as three-fold by lowering pH, but linear kineticswere maintained. Light-dark cycling showed continuedrelease of ammonium immediately after irradiation,followed by uptake at longer post irradiation times.A two step mechanism was proposed to explain theobserved kinetics. Calculated net daytime release ofammonium from natural surface waters ranged from 0.33to 1.9 M h^-1 in the samples studied,corresponding to a photic zone conversion rate of9–20% of the total organic nitrogen per day intoammonium.  相似文献   

Inter-annual variability of precipitation over Southern Mexico and Central America and its relationship to sea surface temperature from a set of future projections from CMIP5 GCMs and RegCM4 CORDEX simulations     

Ramón Fuentes-Franco  Erika Coppola  Filippo Giorgi  Edgar G. Pavia  Gulilat Tefera Diro  Federico Graef 《Climate Dynamics》2015,45(1-2):425-440

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Sustainability aspects of thermal water production in the region of Hajdúszoboszló-Debrecen,Hungary     

Tamás Buday  Péter Szűcs  Miklós Kozák  Zoltán Püspöki  Richard William McIntosh  Erika Bódi  Béla Bálint  Kornél Bulátkó 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2015,74(12):7511-7521

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